Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), displaying AD pathology similar to the general population. This study evaluated AD-related blood biomarkers in DS within the AT(N) framework through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2017 and October 2024. The meta-analysis focused on plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42, Aβ40, total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, comparing 2109 DS individuals and 1006 euploid controls. Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, NfL, and GFAP levels were significantly elevated in DS compared to euploid controls, while the Aβ42/40 ratio was reduced. In DS-AD individuals, Aβ42 and t-tau levels were elevated, with p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP consistently high across clinical subgroups. Notably, Aβ40 and the Aβ42/40 ratio changed significantly in preclinical AD, while t-tau increased in clinical AD. Incorporating inflammation (I) markers highlights neuroinflammation’s role in DS-AD progression, supporting the blood-based AT(N)I framework for early AD detection and monitoring in DS.

Lizhi Guo（郭立志）

PhD Candidate

My research interests include Cognition, Cognitive reserve, Social determinants, and Imaging Analysis.